Kashmiri Optional Syllabus for UPSC 2025

1. Language Origins

Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri language: various theories

2. Language Distribution

Areas of occurence and dialects (geographical/social)

3. Phonology and grammar

• Vowel and consonant system
• Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections
• Verbs: various types and tenses

4. Syntactic structure

• Simple, active and declarative statements
• Coordination
• Relativisation

1. 14th Century Literature

Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio-cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam)

2. 19th Century Literature

Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres: vatsun; ghazal and mathnavi)

3. Early 20th Century Literature

Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjoor and Azad; various literary influences)

4. Modern Literature

Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama, novel and nazm)

1. Kashmiri Poetry up to 19th Century

• Lal Dyad
• Sheikhul Aalam
• Habba Khatoon

2. Kashmiri Poetry: 19th Century

• Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
• Maqbool shah (Gulrez)
• Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
• Abdul Ahad Nadim (N'at)
• Krishanjoo Razdan (Shiv Lagun)
• Sufi Poets (Text in Sanglaab, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)

3. 20th Century Poetry

Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)

4. Literary Criticism

Literary criticism and research work: development and various trends

1. Short Story Analysis

An analytical study of the short story in Kashmiri

• Afsana Majmu'a, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir
• Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi
• Hamasar Kashur Afsana, published by the Sahitya Akademi
• Notable writers: Akhtar Mohi-ud Din, Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh, Gulshan Majid

2. Kashmiri Novels

• Mujrim by G. N. Gowhar
• Marun—Ivan Ilyichun, (Kashmiri version of Tolstoy's) The Death of Ivan Ilyich

3. Kashmiri Drama

• Natuk Kariv Band by Hari Krishan Kaul
• Qk Angy Natuk, ed. Motilal Keemu, published by the Sahitya Akademi
• Razi Oedipus, tr. Naji Munawar, published by the Sahitya Akademi

4. Folk Literature

• Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat
• Kashiry Luki Beeth (all volumes) published by the J&K Cultural Akademy